joe the tick

STANFORD, Calif. — Macrophages, the scavenger cells of the body’s immune system, are responsible for disposing of dying cells. Stanford University School of Medicine researchers have identified one pathway in this important process in mice that, if disrupted, causes a lupuslike autoimmune disease.
The findings could lead to both a better understanding of the cause of lupus in humans and potential drug treatments for the disorder, which affects an estimated 1.5-2 million people in the United States.
“Just like in mice, in humans, if you don’t clear the dying cells, then that predisposes you to lupus,” said Lata Mukundan, PhD, a Stanford research associate and one of the first authors of the study to be published online in Nature Medicine Oct. 18. “If you look at patients with lupus, they have an inability to clear those dead cells.”
Added Ajay Chawla, MD, PhD, assistant professor of endocrinology and senior author of the study: “The clearing away of dying cells is important. If they’re not cleared away, they can provide antigens against ourselves, leading to development of autoimmunity.”
Lupus is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s system attacks its own cells. The chronic inflammation causes symptoms that can resemble other types of arthritis and rheumatic diseases, affecting the skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, joints and nervous system. The cause is unknown.
Mukundan, Chawla and their colleagues have uncovered one of the pathways by which macrophages sense and silently dispose of these dying cells — a naturally-occurring process not previously understood — by conducting lab experiments in vitro with mouse and human macrophages, as well as in genetically engineered mice.
Researchers hypothesized that a molecule in the nucleus of cells called PPAR-delta plays a pivotal role in orchestrating the timely disposal of dying cells by macrophages, the white blood cells that swallow and digest cellular debris and pathogens, triggering other immune cells to aid in the response to a pathogen.
“We wanted to know, if you took a mouse and only deleted PPAR-delta from its macrophages, is that sufficient to cause an autoimmune disease?” Chawla said. “Apparently it is.”
To test their theory, researchers bred genetically engineered mice that were missing the PPAR-delta molecule in their macrophages, and then injected them with apoptotic (dying) cells. It turned out that simply missing the PPAR-delta molecule caused a lupuslike autoimmune kidney disorder in mice.
Drugs that activate PPAR-delta have been identified and are in clinical trials for treatment of high blood cholesterol and other lipid disorders. Thus, the direct involvement of PPAR-delta in suppressing autoantibody production and maintaining the body’s tolerance to itself raises the possibility that these molecules that activate PPAR-delta can be used to treat patients with lupus.
The study pinpoints how PPAR-delta works in macrophages. When the macrophages eat dying cells, certain genes get turned on in these cells, triggering further consumption of more dying cells and aiding in their clearance.
First, PPAR-delta aids in the recognition of the dying cell by regulating the production of key proteins called opsonins. These proteins recognize the “eat me” signals released by the dying cells. In addition, PPAR-delta also prevents the immune system from mounting an inflammatory response to the dying cell and thus functions in the safe disposal of the dying cells. In the absence of PPAR-delta, mice have an accumulation of dead cells that over time delivers a danger signal to the immune system, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.
“The dying cells are a bunch of modified lipids,” Chawla noted.
When the macrophages eat the dying cells it doubles their content of lipids. The team showed in additional experiments in the lab that the lipids worked as a signal to tell the macrophages they needed to eat more dying cells. “These receptors allow the macrophages to turn on the genes for better clearing in the body,” Chawla said.

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Other Stanford contributors to the study are: co-first authors Justin Odegaard, MD, a resident in pathology, and Christine Morel, former research assistant, who is now a graduate student at Baylor University in Texas; Julia Mwangi, endocrinology research assistant; Jose Heredia, PhD, a postdoctoral scholar; MD/PhD student Roberto Ricardo-Gonzalez; Sharon Goh, an immunology graduate student; Alex Red Eagle, an MD/PhD genetics student; Jennifer Awakuni, former undergraduate student; Lawrence Steinman, MD, the George A. Zimmermann Professor and professor of neurology; and Sara Michie, MD, professor of pathology. This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, the Rita Allen Foundation and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Support was also provided by the Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, the American Heart Association, Dean’s Fellowship and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Gilliam Fellows.
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